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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ghrelin</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><table class="wikitable hintergrundfarbe-basis infobox float-right" id="Vorlage_Infobox_Protein_Ghrelin" style="font-size:90%; margin-top:0; width:350px;" summary="Infobox Protein">
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<th colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90; color:#202122;">Ghrelin
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<td colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
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<td colspan="3" class="hintergrundfarbe1" style="text-align:center; font-size:smaller; font-weight:bold;">Preproghrelin mit Ghrelin (grün) nach <a href="Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1P7X">1P7X</a>
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<th colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90; color:#202122;;">Eigenschaften des menschlichen Proteins
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<td><a href="Molare_Masse" title="Molare Masse">Masse</a>/Länge <a href="Prim%C3%A4rstruktur" title="Primärstruktur">Primärstruktur</a>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">3,24 <a href="Atomare_Masseneinheit" title="Atomare Masseneinheit">kDa</a>; <span id="A.aa"></span>28 <a href="Aminos%C3%A4uren#A.aa" title="Aminosäuren">aa</a>
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<td><a href="Pr%C3%A4kursor-Proteine" title="Präkursor-Proteine">Präkursor</a>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">Preproghrelin
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<td><a href="Isoform" title="Isoform">Isoformen</a>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;">des-Gln14-Ghrelin
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<th colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90; color:#202122;">Bezeichner
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<td><a href="Human_Genome_Organisation" title="Human Genome Organisation">Gen-Namen</a>
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<td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/all?query=18129">GHRL</a></i>, MTLRP, Ghrelin-28
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<td>Externe IDs
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<td colspan="2" class="">
<ul><li><a href="Online_Mendelian_Inheritance_in_Man" title="Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man">OMIM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim/605353">605353</a></li>
<li><a href="UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q9UBU3">Q9UBU3</a></li>
<li><a href="Mouse_Genome_Informatics" title="Mouse Genome Informatics">MGI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.informatics.jax.org/marker/MGI:1930008">1930008</a></li></ul>
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<th colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90; color:#202122;">Vorkommen
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<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;">Homologie-Familie
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hogenom.univ-lyon1.fr/query_sequence?seq=Q9UBU3">Hovergen</a>
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<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;">Übergeordnetes <a href="Taxon" title="Taxon">Taxon</a>
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<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"><a href="Euteleostomi" title="Euteleostomi">Euteleostomi</a>
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<td colspan="3" style="background:#90EE90; color:#202122; text-align:center;"><a href="Homologie_(Genetik)#Homologie_zwischen_verdoppelten_oder_fremden_Genen" title="Homologie (Genetik)">Orthologe</a>
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<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;">
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<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122; text-align:center;">Mensch
</td>
<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122; text-align:center;">Maus
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<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;"><a href="Entrez_Gene" title="Entrez Gene">Entrez</a>
</td>
<td><span class=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=51738&rn=1">51738</a></span>
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<td><span class=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=gene&cmd=retrieve&dopt=default&list_uids=58991&rn=1">58991</a></span>
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<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;"><a href="Ensembl" title="Ensembl">Ensembl</a>
</td>
<td><span class=""><small><small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/geneview?gene=ENSG00000157017;db=core">ENSG00000157017</a></small></small></span>
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<td><span class=""><small><small><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ensembl.org/Mus_musculus/geneview?gene=ENSMUSG00000064177;db=core">ENSMUSG00000064177</a></small></small></span>
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<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;"><a href="UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a>
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<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q9UBU3">Q9UBU3</a>
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<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q9EQX0">Q9EQX0</a>
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<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;"><a href="National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">Refseq</a> (mRNA)
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<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_016362">NM_016362</a>
</td>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NM_021488">NM_021488</a>
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<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;"><a href="National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">Refseq</a> (Protein)
</td>
<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_057446">NP_057446</a>
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<td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/viewer.fcgi?val=NP_067463">NP_067463</a>
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<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;"><a href="Genlocus" title="Genlocus">Genlocus</a>
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<td><span class=""> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks?org=Human&position=chr3:10302434-10307535">Chr 3: 10.3 – 10.31 Mb</a> </span>
</td>
<td><span class=""> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genome.ucsc.edu/cgi-bin/hgTracks&position=chr6:113681896-113685657">Chr 6: 113.68 – 113.69 Mb</a> </span>
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<td style="background:#C3FDB8; color:#202122;"><a href="PubMed" title="PubMed">PubMed</a>-Suche
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<td><span class=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=51738">51738</a></span>
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<td><span class=""><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=gene&cmd=Link&LinkName=gene_pubmed&from_uid=58991">58991</a></span>
<p><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</p>
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</p><p><b>Ghrelin</b> (<a href="Akronym" title="Akronym">Akronym</a>, <a href="Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">englisch</a> <i><u>G</u>rowth <u>H</u>ormone <u>Rel</u>ease <u>In</u>ducing</i> „Wachstumshormonfreisetzung einleitend“) ist ein appetitanregendes <a href="Peptid" title="Peptid">Peptid</a>, das in der <a href="Magenschleimhaut" title="Magenschleimhaut">Magenschleimhaut</a> und der <a href="Bauchspeicheldr%C3%BCse" title="Bauchspeicheldrüse">Bauchspeicheldrüse</a> produziert wird. Neben der Appetitanregung hat das Hormon eine Reihe anderer Wirkungen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bildung">Bildung</h2></div>
<p>Ghrelin wird vor allem in den <a href="Belegzelle" class="mw-redirect" title="Belegzelle">Belegzellen</a> im <a href="Epithel" title="Epithel">Epithel</a> des <a href="Magen" title="Magen">Magenfundus</a>, aber auch von den ε-Zellen (ε ist <a href="Epsilon" title="Epsilon">Epsilon</a>, als Laut gesprochen wie das e in <i>nett</i>) der Bauchspeicheldrüse produziert sowie in einer Vorstufe im <a href="Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">Hypothalamus</a> und der <a href="Hypophyse" title="Hypophyse">Hypophyse</a> und durch Abspaltung einiger <a href="Aminos%C3%A4ure" class="mw-redirect" title="Aminosäure">Aminosäuren</a> in die aktive Form übergeführt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Struktur">Struktur</h2></div>
<p>Ghrelin ist ein <a href="Peptidhormon" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptidhormon">Peptidhormon</a>, bestehend aus 28 Aminosäuren, welches durch <a href="Posttranslationale_Modifikation" title="Posttranslationale Modifikation">posttranslationale Modifikation</a> aus dem <a href="Pr%C3%A4kursor-Protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Präkursor-Protein">Präkursor-Protein</a> Preproghrelin (117 Aminosäuren) gebildet wird. Gleichzeitig entsteht ein Molekül <a href="Obestatin" title="Obestatin">Obestatin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Die dritte Aminosäure <a href="Serin" title="Serin">Serin</a> des Ghrelins ist mit <a href="Octans%C3%A4ure" class="mw-redirect" title="Octansäure">Octansäure</a> <a href="Veresterung" title="Veresterung">verestert</a>. Diese Modifikation ist essentiell für die Wirkung des Hormons.
Die Molekülmasse des Präkursor beträgt 12,91 kDa, die des Ghrelin 3,24 kDa.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physiologie">Physiologie</h2></div>
<p>Ghrelin ist ein <a href="Hormon" title="Hormon">Hormon</a>, das die Nahrungsaufnahme und die <a href="Sekretion" title="Sekretion">Sekretion</a> von <a href="Somatotropin" class="mw-redirect" title="Somatotropin">Wachstumshormon</a> reguliert. In Hungerphasen steigt der Ghrelinspiegel im Blut an, nach dem Essen sinkt er ab. Schlafmangel induziert erhöhte Ghrelin-Ausschüttung und trägt auf diese Weise vermutlich zur Entwicklung von <a href="Adipositas#Pathophysiologie" title="Adipositas">Adipositas</a> bei.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Weitere Hormone, die das Hunger- bzw. Sättigungsgefühl steuern, sind <a href="Cholecystokinin" title="Cholecystokinin">CCK</a>, <a href="Glucagon-like-peptide_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucagon-like-peptide 1">GLP-1</a>, <a href="Peptid_YY" title="Peptid YY">Peptid YY</a> und <a href="Cortisol" title="Cortisol">Cortisol</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wirkungen">Wirkungen</h2></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hunger">Hunger</h3></div>
<p>Im <a href="Experiment" title="Experiment">Experiment</a> erhöhen Ghrelin-Infusionen die Nahrungsaufnahme. Im Fastenzustand ist die Ghrelinausschüttung erhöht, nach dem Essen sinkt der Ghrelinspiegel ab.
</p><p>Es stimuliert im <a href="Hypothalamus" title="Hypothalamus">Hypothalamus</a> die Sekretion von <a href="Neuropeptid_Y" title="Neuropeptid Y">Neuropeptid Y</a>, von dem bekannt ist, dass es die Nahrungsaufnahme steigert, sowie von <span style="white-space:nowrap"><i>Agouti-related Peptide (AgRP)</i></span> <i>Hormone</i> im <a href="Nucleus_arcuatus" title="Nucleus arcuatus">Nucleus arcuatus</a>.
</p><p>Auch die meisten <a href="Art_(Biologie)" title="Art (Biologie)">Arten</a> der <a href="V%C3%B6gel" title="Vögel">Vögel</a> verfügen über ein funktionstüchtiges <a href="Gen" title="Gen">Gen</a> (GHRL), das für Ghrelin <a href="Genetischer_Code" title="Genetischer Code">codiert</a>, jedoch <i>hemmt</i> Ghrelin bei Vögeln die Nahrungsaufnahme. In einer Studie wurde 2015 zusätzlich nachgewiesen, dass bei <a href="W%C3%BCrgfalke" title="Würgfalke">Würgfalken</a> und <a href="Wanderfalke" title="Wanderfalke">Wanderfalken</a> das „Ghrelin-Gen“ funktionsuntüchtig ist; dies sorge dafür, dass bei diesen Arten das Jagd- und Fütterungsverhalten gesteigert werde.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Milderung_von_Depressionen">Milderung von Depressionen</h3></div>
<p>Darüber hinaus wirkt Ghrelin im <a href="Tierversuch" title="Tierversuch">Mausversuch</a> <a href="Anxiolytikum" title="Anxiolytikum">beruhigend</a>. Eine Studie aus dem Jahr 2008 deutet auf die antidepressive Wirkung von Ghrelin hin, und beleuchtet die Frage, warum chronischer <a href="Stress" title="Stress">Stress</a> und <a href="Depression" title="Depression">Depressionen</a> zu <a href="%C3%9Cbergewicht" title="Übergewicht">Übergewicht</a> führen können.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DOI10.1038/nn.2139_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOI10.1038/nn.2139-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zusammenhang_mit_Alkoholabhängigkeit"><span id="Zusammenhang_mit_Alkoholabh.C3.A4ngigkeit"></span>Zusammenhang mit Alkoholabhängigkeit</h3></div>
<p>Die <a href="Hypothese" title="Hypothese">Hypothese</a>, dass Ghrelin bei der Entstehung von <a href="Alkoholabh%C3%A4ngigkeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkoholabhängigkeit">Alkoholabhängigkeit</a> mitverantwortlich ist, wurde zumindest im Mausversuch bestätigt.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wachstumshormon">Wachstumshormon</h3></div>
<p>Ghrelin ist ein <a href="Endogen" title="Endogen">endogener</a> <a href="Ligand" title="Ligand">Ligand</a> für einen <a href="Rezeptor_(Biochemie)" title="Rezeptor (Biochemie)">Rezeptor</a>, der die Abgabe von Wachstumshormon in der Hypophyse reguliert. An speziellen Zellen des <a href="Hypophysenvorderlappen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypophysenvorderlappen">Hypophysenvorderlappens</a> (<a href="Azidophil" class="mw-redirect" title="Azidophil">azidophile</a> Zellen) bindet es an den GHS-Rezeptor (<i>Growth Hormone Secretagogue Receptor</i>) und regt so die Freisetzung von Wachstumshormon an.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathophysiologie">Pathophysiologie</h2></div>
<p>Das seltene <a href="Prader-Willi-Syndrom" title="Prader-Willi-Syndrom">Prader-Willi-Syndrom</a> zeigt teilweise massiv erhöhte Ghrelin-Werte. Es ist durch ein fehlendes <a href="S%C3%A4ttigungsgef%C3%BChl" class="mw-redirect" title="Sättigungsgefühl">Sättigungsgefühl</a> charakterisiert.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li>Cummings DE, Weigle DS, Frayo RS, <i>et al.</i>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Plasma ghrelin levels after diet-induced weight loss or gastric bypass surgery</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="N._Engl._J._Med." class="mw-redirect" title="N. Engl. J. Med.">N. Engl. J. Med.</a></cite> 346. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>21</span>, Mai 2002, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1623–30</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa012908">10.1056/NEJMoa012908</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12023994?dopt=Abstract">PMID 12023994</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ghrelin&rft.atitle=Plasma+ghrelin+levels+after+diet-induced+weight+loss+or+gastric+bypass+surgery&rft.au=Cummings+DE%2C+Weigle+DS%2C+Frayo+RS%2C+...&rft.date=2002-05&rft.doi=10.1056%2FNEJMoa012908&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=21&rft.jtitle=N.+Engl.+J.+Med.&rft.pages=1623-30&rft.pmid=12023994&rft.volume=346.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Garcia JM, Garcia-Touza M, Hijazi RA, <i>et al.</i>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Active ghrelin levels and active to total ghrelin ratio in cancer-induced cachexia</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab.</cite> 90. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, Mai 2005, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>2920–6</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-1788">10.1210/jc.2004-1788</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15713718?dopt=Abstract">PMID 15713718</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ghrelin&rft.atitle=Active+ghrelin+levels+and+active+to+total+ghrelin+ratio+in+cancer-induced+cachexia&rft.au=Garcia+JM%2C+Garcia-Touza+M%2C+Hijazi+RA%2C+...&rft.date=2005-05&rft.doi=10.1210%2Fjc.2004-1788&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=J.+Clin.+Endocrinol.+Metab.&rft.pages=2920-6&rft.pmid=15713718&rft.volume=90.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></li>
<li>Zhang JV, Ren PG, Avsian-Kretchmer O, <i>et al.</i>: <cite style="font-style:italic">Obestatin, a peptide encoded by the ghrelin gene, opposes ghrelin's effects on food intake</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Science" title="Science">Science</a></cite>. 310. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5750</span>, November 2005, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>996–9</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1117255">10.1126/science.1117255</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16284174?dopt=Abstract">PMID 16284174</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ghrelin&rft.atitle=Obestatin%2C+a+peptide+encoded+by+the+ghrelin+gene%2C+opposes+ghrelin%27s+effects+on+food+intake&rft.au=Zhang+JV%2C+Ren+PG%2C+Avsian-Kretchmer+O%2C+...&rft.date=2005-11&rft.doi=10.1126%2Fscience.1117255&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=5750&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=996-9&rft.pmid=16284174&rft.volume=310.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ghrelin?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Ghrelin</a></span></b> – Sammlung von Bildern</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arbl.cvmbs.colostate.edu/hbooks/pathphys/endocrine/gi/ghrelin.html">Colorado State University: Ghrelin</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phoenixpeptide.com/Catalog">Files/Ghrelin Section/ghrelin.html Übersicht in Englisch</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="UniProt" title="UniProt">UniProt</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprotkb/Q9UBU3">Q9UBU3</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Yildiz BO, Suchard MA, Wong ML, McCann SM, Licinio J: <cite style="font-style:italic">Alterations in the dynamics of circulating ghrelin, adiponectin, and leptin in human obesity</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Proc._Natl._Acad._Sci._U.S.A." class="mw-redirect" title="Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</a></cite> 101. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>28</span>, Juli 2004, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>10434–9</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0403465101">10.1073/pnas.0403465101</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15231997?dopt=Abstract">PMID 15231997</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC478601/">PMC 478601</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ghrelin&rft.atitle=Alterations+in+the+dynamics+of+circulating+ghrelin%2C+adiponectin%2C+and+leptin+in+human+obesity&rft.au=Yildiz+BO%2C+Suchard+MA%2C+Wong+ML%2C+...&rft.date=2004-07&rft.doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.0403465101&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=28&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.pages=10434-9&rft.pmc=478601&rft.pmid=15231997&rft.volume=101.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Inge Seim, Penny L. Jeffery, Adrian C. Herington und Lisa K. Chopin: <i>Comparative analysis reveals loss of the appetite-regulating peptide hormone ghrelin in falcons.</i> In: <i>General and comparative endocrinology.</i> Band 216, 2015, S. 98–102, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.11.016" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.11.016">doi:10.1016/j.ygcen.2014.11.016</a>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25500363?dopt=Abstract">PMID 25500363</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r261891140">
/* start https://de.wikipedia.org/ */
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</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090513065906/http://www.aerzteblatt.de/v4/news/news.asp?id=32723">Hungerhormon vertreibt Angst und Depressionen -macht aber dick</a> (<span class="webarchiv-memento"><a href="Webarchivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Webarchivierung">Memento</a></span> vom 13. Mai 2009 im <i><a href="Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>) aerzteblatt.de</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-DOI10.1038/nn.2139-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-DOI10.1038/nn.2139_5-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Lutter, Ichiro Sakata, Sherri Osborne-Lawrence, Sherry A Rovinsky, Jason G Anderson, Saendy Jung, Shari Birnbaum, <a href="Masashi_Yanagisawa" title="Masashi Yanagisawa">Masashi Yanagisawa</a>, Joel K Elmquist, Eric J Nestler, Jeffrey M Zigman: <i>The orexigenic hormone ghrelin defends against depressive symptoms of chronic stress.</i> In: <i><a href="Nature_Neuroscience" title="Nature Neuroscience">Nature Neuroscience</a>.</i> 11, 2008, S. 752–753, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.2139" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1038/nn.2139">doi:10.1038/nn.2139</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Elisabet Jerlhag, Emil Egecioglu, Sara Landgren, Nicolas Salomé, Markus Heilig, Diederik Moechars, Rakesh Datta, Daniel Perrissoud, Suzanne L. Dickson, Jörgen A. Engel: <cite style="font-style:italic">Requirement of central ghrelin signaling for alcohol reward</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.</cite> 106. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>27</span>, Juli 2009, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>11318–5</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0812809106">10.1073/pnas.0812809106</a></span> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2009/06/26/0812809106.full.pdf+html?sid=edbae12d-7eee-4250-b039-99f1d0e6de4b">pnas.org</a> [PDF]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ghrelin&rft.atitle=Requirement+of+central+ghrelin+signaling+for+alcohol+reward&rft.au=Elisabet+Jerlhag%2C+Emil+Egecioglu%2C+Sara+Landgren%2C+...&rft.date=2009-07&rft.doi=10.1073%2Fpnas.0812809106&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=27&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.pages=11318-5&rft.volume=106.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kojima M, Hosoda H, Date Y, Nakazato M, Matsuo H, Kangawa K: <cite style="font-style:italic">Ghrelin is a growth-hormone-releasing acylated peptide from stomach</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></cite>. 402. Jahrgang, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>6762</span>, Dezember 1999, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>656–660</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038/45230">10.1038/45230</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10604470?dopt=Abstract">PMID 10604470</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Ghrelin&rft.atitle=Ghrelin+is+a+growth-hormone-releasing+acylated+peptide+from+stomach&rft.au=Kojima+M%2C+Hosoda+H%2C+Date+Y%2C+...&rft.date=1999-12&rft.doi=10.1038%2F45230&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=6762&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=656-660&rft.pmid=10604470&rft.volume=402.+Jahrgang" style="display:none"> </span> (Entdeckung und erste Veröffentlichung über das Ghrelin).</span>
</li>
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